The Epic Poem, Beowulf - Vengeance and Revenge in Beowulf Essay

Retaliation and Revenge in Beowulf  The most established of the extraordinary protracted sonnets written in English and maybe the solitary overcomer of a sort of Anglo-Saxon sagas, Beowulf, was composed by an obscure Christian writer at a date that is just estimated.â Even thus, it is a noteworthy account story wherein the artist revitalizes the brave language, style, and estimations of Germanic oral poetry.â He interweaves various topics including great and shrewdness, youth and mature age, agnosticism and Christianity and the chivalrous perfect code, into his primary story and various diversions and scenes; which were all critical to his crowd at the time.â Vengeance, some portion of the gallant code, was respected contrastingly by the two unmistakable religions.â Christianity educates to excuse the individuals who trespass against us, though in the agnostic world, retribution is normal and not considered an underhandedness act.â In Beowulf, the old German precept retribution doesn't long remain unrevenged is carefully clung to and confirms that vengeance is a piece of agnostic convention. Two human connections were profoundly critical to the Germanic society.â The most significant, the connection between the warrior and his master depended on a typical trust and respect.â The warrior promises dedication to his ruler and serves and guards him and thusly the ruler deals with the warrior and prizes him sumptuously for his valour.â The second human relationship was between kinsmen.â As Baker and Ogilvy recommend, a unique type of reliability was associated with the blood quarrel. (P.107)â If one of his family had been killed, a man had a moral commitment either to slaughter the slayer or to correct the installment of wergild in compensation.â The cost was resolved upon the position or economic wellbeing of the person in question... ... see was tit for tat, if a man executes your family you careful revenge.â in actuality, the Christian view was progressively similar to as Mohandas Gandhi said tit for tat just winds up making the entire world blind.â Christians trusted God would certainty make the right decision and would prefer to love instead of lashing out then have it bring about more blood and murder.â Throughout the sonnet, the writer endeavors to oblige these two arrangements of values.â Though he is Christian, he can't nullify the principal agnostic estimations of the account story. Works Cited and Consulted: Abrams, M.H., ed.â Beowulf: The Norton Anthology of English Literature.â New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2001.â Bread cook, Donald C. what's more, J.D.A. Ogilvy.â Reading Beowulf.â Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. Lord, James W.â Thinking About Beowulf.â Stanford: Stanford University Press: 1994.

Value Chain Analysis for Starbucks Essay Example

Worth Chain Analysis for Starbucks Essay Worldwide, European and Irish Markets are oligopolies; they are commanded by a couple of enormous organizations. GlobalEuropeanIrish (Hot Cereals) Kellogg’sKellogg’sFlahavan’s General MillsCereal Partners WorldwideOdlum’s KraftWeetabix LtdKelkin OtherOther Breakfast Cereals Industry Profile: Europe 2009), (Breakfast Cereals Industry Profile: Global 2009) Scope of Competitive Rivalry (Appendix 3) * The extent of serious contention is worldwide Buyer needs and requirements(Appendix 4) * Supermarkets/Hypermarkets †need to fulfill shopper need * Catering organizations †need to purchase in huge mass limit * Hospitality industry †need littler individual choice of boxes to address purchaser issues * Individual clients †all have various necessities and prerequisites (taste inclinations or wellbeing reasons) Degree of item differentiation(Appendix ) * Packaging †Different hues and styles are utilized to separate items * Taste †Different kinds of oat are made to recognize one item from another * Companies utilize enormous promoting financial plans to persuade clients that there item is extraordinary and one of a kind Product innovation(Appendix 6) * Success driven by advancement * Large scope spending plans spent on innovative work * Co-marking items with different organizations * Diversifying brands in new ways e. g. Coco Pops, Coco Wheels Supply/Demand conditions (Appendix ) Supply * Farmers become the vast majority of the fixings that are utilized in breakfast oats, for example, wheat, grain and oats * Other providers incorporate producers of plastic and cardboard * The U. S. import sugar, so organizations working there are dependent on providers to flexibly them sugar Demand * We will compose a custom article test on Value Chain Analysis for Starbucks explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Value Chain Analysis for Starbucks explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Value Chain Analysis for Starbucks explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Clients can change brand or purchase substitutes with little cost impact * Hypermarkets/stores (retailers) choose who gets rack space * Retailers need to stock well known brands to fulfill buyer request Pace of Technological conditions(Appendix ) * High pace of mechanical change in the oat business * New advancements are important to stay aware of item development * New innovations are permitting the grain business to deliver their crude materials internationally were it very well may be fabricated less expensive * The web is permitting these organizations to arrange supplies, appropriate items and speak with clients snappier Vertical integration(Appendix 9) The Global oat industry is a vertically incorporated industry. Organizations take an interest in more than one phase of the business * Kellogg’s are engaged with the assembling and promoting of their items, they work in numerous nations * General Mills are included the assembling, advertising and circulation of their items * Kraft Foods assembling and market food and drinks in a wide range of nations Economies of scale (Appendix 10) The predominant organizations in the business can utilize a minimal effort methodology by utilizing economies of scale * The significant players can buy supplies in huge mass, getting a discounted cost on the expenses of material required and creating at a lower cost * The morning meal grain industry likewise utilizes smooth out showcasing, were two organizations inside the business will showcase items together. This cuts advertising costs significantly Learning and experience bend effects(Appendix 11) Must know about hardware required for assembli ng * Set up contacts with providers to get their materials to make the items * Access dispersion channels, for example, haggling with markets to get them to retire their items * Attempt to form their image into a family unit item, to pick up brand acknowledgment and construct a client base PESTEL(Appendix 12) When looking into the oat business, we directed a PESTEL investigation, these are our discoveries: Political * Employment laws * Food and medication laws The US have opportunity of strategic policies and exchange guidelines * Global Codes of Ethics * FDA manages exchange and duty laws Economic * Interest rates * Exchange rates * Inflation rates * Due to downturn individuals have less extra cash * Farmers are planting less in light of the fact that their livelihoods have dropped Social * Demographics and the social condition * Different social perspectives towards breakfast * High joblessness * People need an incentive for cash * Less slanted to be brand faithful * More wellbeing cognizant society Technological * Presents an obstruction to passage to new organizations New innovation makes it simpler to transport oat and items comprehensively * The web is permitting these organizations to arrange supplies, disseminate items and speak with clients speedier * Improvements in innovation may assist ranchers with developing crude materials, for example, grain all the more effectively and productively Environmental * Agree to natural laws and guidelines * Subject to different government, state, nearby laws and guidelines * In the US Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation, Recovery Act and furthermore the Superfund Legal Companies exchanging the European market should know about changing business laws (Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005) * Comply with bundling laws * Irish Breakfast Cereal Association new promoting code concentrating on publicizing for youngsters Figure1. 3Industry Lifecycle Sales/Revenue Maturity Shakeout Decline Growth Embryonic Time * Growth Slows and becomes stable * Remains like this for a feasible timeframe * Companies will in general create backups of the first item * This keeps up a more elevated level of development (Beginnermoney) What elements are the driving business changes and what effects will they have? (Reference section 13) The elements that are destined to apply most noteworthy impact in the morning meal grain industry throughout the following one to three years are: financial variables, the monetary main thrusts will have a positive and negative impact on the business. * Economic development * Interest rates * Exchange rates * Inflation rates * Government enactment * Threats of substitutes is additionally a driver of progress in the business * Power of providers â€Å"By 2013 the worldwide breakfast oats advertise is conjecture to have an estimation of $28. billion, an expansion of 17. 1% since 2008†(Breakfast Cereals Industry Profile: Global 2009) That is noteworthy increment which will positively affect the business heads in regards to productivity and piece of the pie. Government enactment can influence the business with presentation of new expense sections this can negatively affect benefi ts for the organizations and purchasing intensity of the clients. An adjustment in return rates may influence the morning meal industry in the accompanying manners: * Exchange rates changes can increment or lower the cost of an item sold abroad * The cost of imported crude materials may change The cost of competitor’s items may change in the home market An adjustment in financing costs may influence the morning meal industry in the accompanying manners; * If the organization have a progression of advances then an expansion in loan fees will mean higher reimbursements, decreasing benefits * If an organization needs to get cash to put resources into new innovation, at that point they are more averse to proceed with the venture when financing costs increment Inflation influences any economy on the planet when it is high and unstable. To keep up a similar degree of expectations for everyday comforts you would need to pay more * You would need to pay more for same measure of products and enterprises you had utilized before swelling. * most of the time, your salary doesn't increment at a similar rate as swelling * If a nation is influenced by high expansion they may lose competiveness and may try to send their activities to a more cost amicable nation Power of providers is just moderate according to the five powers model. This is because of the vulnerability of the crude material expected to create the grains. Wheat for instance will differ in value in view of the broad powers that influence the developing. The main thrusts are making rivalry increasingly extreme, with the continuous serious fights for piece of the overall industry. The business chiefs will attempt their most extreme to keep contention high and to hold their client devotion. The potential business development would recommend that the main impetuses will prompt higher industry gainfulness later on. Figure 1. 5Strategic Group Map Competitors| Competitive Characteristics of Industry Firms| Kellogg’s CompanyGeneral Mills, Inc. Kraft Foods, IncNestleQuaker OatsWeetabix| Price LocationBrand (Reputation/popularity)QualityNutrient ValueTypesPackaging| Kraft and different organizations in the business are bunched together showing that there is a solid cross-bunch serious competition between them. Kraft are most likely in the more terrible position, they are contending legitimately with numerous others in the business yet in addition may battle to reach Kellogg’s position, as Kellogg’s is a brand head in this industry. The best way to contend is to bring down costs. General Mills are in the best situation on the guide as they have a decent notoriety and can contend with least costs in the market. They additionally have space to improve their notoriety and afterward have greater chance to bring down costs further. There are holes in the lower half of the diagram, new participants could focus on this industry at this position, offering low costs and afterward with time, acknowledgment will develop. Worldwide Breakfast oat industry Figure 1. 6 Strategic Moves Companies| Kellogg’s| General Mills| Kraft Co. | Pricing| $$$| $$| $$$| KeyIndustries| * Ready to eat oat * Snacks * Convenience foods| * Ready to eat ce

The Healthiest Approach to Self Improvement

The Healthiest Approach to Self Improvement Happiness Print The Healthiest Approaches to Self-Improvement By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on January 02, 2020 Getty / Hero Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All The healthiest approach to self-improvement is the one that works best for youâ€"but how can you know which one that will be? Truthfully, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to self-improvement, so you may need to engage in a bit of trial and error to find what is most helpful for your situation. At the same time, effective self-improvement journeys usually have ten basic features that you should keep in mind. 1. Gradual Pace There are no quick fixes when it comes to self-improvement. Focus on self-improvement approaches that involve a gradual change to increase your odds of success. These approaches typically have you focus on one change at a time, and you only move on to the next change when youve become comfortable with the earlier change in your life. Gradual self-improvement usually also breaks things down into easier steps, just like in high school or college when you would break down your assignments into more manageable chunks. For example, simply planning to go to the gym three times a week to improve your mental health might feel like too big of a step at the beginning. Instead, a gradual plan might have you choose clothes to wear to the gym, choose days and times you will go, and plan out your workouts in advance so that you dont feel overwhelmed once you get there. Another way self-improvement can be gradual is to think of the smallest change that you can make in a positive direction, or how to improve by just one percent at a time. For example, if you want to become a more social person, you might make a point of introducing yourself to one new person each month. An even better change to implement would be one that does not require ongoing effort from you but rather a one-time implementationâ€"for example, joining a club that meets every Wednesday means getting out and being social without having to put effort into figuring out new plans and new people to meet every week or month. 2. Goal-Oriented There is little point in embarking on a self-improvement quest if you dont have a goal in mind. However, it is important that you choose a goal that is compelling for you and that also feels attainable. This often means starting with a big, dream goal and working backward from there to identify smaller goals along the path toward that big goal. Having a set of goals will keep you motivated at times that you feel like quitting. 3. Accountability The best self-improvement plans will involve a commitment on your part. The ideal way to set that commitment is to write it down or make a verbal promise to someone close to youâ€"an accountability partner of sorts.   Below is an example of an accountability statement: I am making a commitment to my mental health by meditating for five minutes each morning and repeating a positive affirmation  to myself after the meditation is complete. This is part of a larger goal I have to include more mindfulness in my life. I want to do this to help prepare myself for each day, to remind myself that I am capable of achieving what I want, and to reduce stress. 4. Plan for Obstacles Obstacles will always arise when you have made plans and goals. Staying on track requires identifying the obstacles that you are likely to face and having a plan to deal with them. In this way, the best self-improvement approaches incorporate awareness that things will not always go smoothly and that you must be able to adjust accordingly. They will also have you list out coping strategies to deal with those obstacles in a concrete way. 5. Rewards for Success Beyond the reward of improving yourself, many self-improvement approaches incorporate some form of reward for behavior. The common example would be rewarding weight loss with a non-food reward; in the area of mental wellness, rewards for sticking to a self-help regime could include anything that motivates youâ€"it is up to you to figure out what that is. 6. Evidence-Based Perhaps most importantly, the healthiest self-improvement approaches will be grounded in research evidence. While it may be tempting to follow gurus who promise miracle cures, approaches that have been back by well-controlled research trials are the ones most likely to show a benefit. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques are a good example. There is robust research evidence supporting the effectiveness of CBT, so you can use this approach comfortable in the knowledge that it has been shown to work. If you are interested in learning more about changes you can make based on research evidence, Richard Wisemans book 59 Seconds converts research into practice with tips on how to change your life in under a minute. 7. Personalized for You Regardless of how well-researched an approach is, if it is not a good fit for you, you wont find it helpful. Each of us has a unique situation in terms of personality, culture, etc. that will influence our choice of self-improvement approachesâ€"and rightly so. What works for your neighbor is not necessarily going to work for you. This often comes down to a gut feeling or your level of comfort with a particular approach. If you are artistic, you might find art therapy approaches such as coloring mandalas enjoyable. If you are more a numbers person, you might enjoy approaches that have you tracking behaviors or measuring success in some tangible form. You can figure this out through trial and error or self-assess and try to match up with self-improvement that aligns with your personal traits. 8. Self Awareness Unless you are working with a therapist or coach, it will be up to you to make a plan for your self-improvement. This is hard to do if you dont first have self-awareness about what is wrong and what you are trying to change. Usually, self-awareness takes place in three areas: physical, cognitive, and emotional. When you are able to recognize the areas in which you are struggling, and have compassion for yourself, you will be better able to make a plan for change. In this way, the healthiest self-improvement plans will involve a step in which you sit down and get self-aware. For example, if you struggle with disorganization in your life, before embarking on a plan for self-improvement, you might want to identify the thoughts you have (e.g., I am a messy person), how they make you feel (e.g., I will never get organized), and how that plays out for you physically (e.g., I feel tired all the time, I am lacking the energy to get started). Being compassionate toward yourself will enable you to make a plan to fix these problems. 9. An Action Plan The healthiest self-improvement approaches will give you concrete steps or an action plan for achieving your goals. It is not enough to identify goalsâ€"without an action plan to reach those goals you will be left languishing. Life coaches or wellness coaches are particularly suited to helping you create an action plan for self-improvement. This could involve creating an overall plan that incorporates various strategies such as mindfulness, exercise, and cognitive restructuring (reworking your thoughts to improve your mental health). 10. A Boost in Optimism A self-improvement approach that makes you optimistic is often the healthiest path to take. Typically, approaches that incorporate some form of positive self-talk, mindfulness, and self-awareness are more likely to cultivate optimism. Approaches based on the branch of psychology known as positive psychology focus on this aspect of self-improvement. If youre wanting to focus on optimism, choose a self-improvement approach from this domain. A Word From Verywell In addition to the above ten qualities of a healthy self-improvement approach, the plan that you develop should always allow for readjustment along the way. By reflecting on past successes and mistakes, you will be able to evaluate what went well and what went wrong, how you can do things differently in the future, and where you still have room for growth. Finally, remember that any movement in a positive direction is progress no matter how small or how long it takes. It is better to follow a plan for self-improvement that has the above qualities and takes a bit more time than to try for a quick cure. The time and effort you invest will be rewarded in the end.

Schools Should Not Be Blamed For Safe Nutrition - 1227 Words

For many years, students who continue their education have been slowly gaining and losing weight. Some causes are from stress and other reasonings. Student rates of obesity, diabetes, and anorexic behavior are rapidly growing, making it one of the most significant epidemics in our children and young adults generation today. However, schools should not be blamed for not providing proper nutrition in schools. There are various reasons that affect a student s health life in such as cultural changes, homesickness gaining weight by the food choices being supplied by the school, exercise and not being involved. The society believes the cafeterias and or school’s causes the students to gain or lose weight unhealthily; although it is not the†¦show more content†¦The vending machines are providing them with 20% less fat in Doritos and in other products that are junk foods that are trying to become a healthier choice. Although it has been a steep slope to how many teens do not turn in their lunch forms and who signs up for their meal plans in college. It becomes much paperwork that most people do not have the time to complete. Some students suffer from the lack of food and or too much food and junk intake. Others are not eating, and most students don’t understand it’s not because of the lack of nutrition in school’s it is about how you carry yourself. There is a saying to know that your body is your temple and how you carry it depicts how healthy you will feel and be in the long run. Students claim that they cannot regularly eat because of the cultural changes. Some people who travel to foreign countries or places that is not like their hometown experiences culture shock. The places here like McDonalds and Burger King are places where people outside of America are hearing the pleasures of what a Big Mac or Big King brings. Some Americans say that it is the most delicio us thing they ever had. Since these fast food, business are global furtherly being spread and built in other cultures, people from other countries travel and get curious as to how good it is. Sometimes it is hard for students to adjust for

The Triumph of the Bolsheviks Essay - 1252 Words

The Triumph of the Bolsheviks In order to gain total control of the Soviet State, Lenin and the Bolsheviks made commitments to several acts, which, by far, did not please most of their political opponents. They mistreated various soviet members, made allies which the main population of Russia were discontent with, lacked support because of their unfair participation in elections and were responsible for many economic declines. This led to many arduous problems in which the Bolsheviks had to go through great triumphs in order to overcome them. Despite their success, they went through great struggle because of their somewhat obstinate yet determined behavior. In November 1917, a revolution†¦show more content†¦At the same time, Lenin had to face the World War and Russias collapsing economy; the peasants who wanted the land; establishing a communist state; and the general election for a new parliament to be called the Constituent Assembly. So, from now, we can anticipate that it was going to be a struggle for Lenin and the Bolsheviks to establish a communist society. The Bolsheviks really lacked majority support in the country as a whole. So the question at this time was, how they were to keep themselves in power, and yet still allow free elections. One of Lenins first orders was nationalizing all land in order for it to be redistributed to all the peasants. This was done in hope of gaining their favour. Lenin was obligated to allow these elections so that he wouldnt appear to be contradictive to his opposing views to Kerensky when he postponed the elections. However, he realized that the Bolshevik Majority in the Constituent Assembly was highly unlikely. Anyhow, he went ahead with the elections as planned, and his worst fears were realized as they had only won 175 seats out of approximately 700. The Social Revolutionaries had won the majority of the seats, which was 370. Therefore, the Social Revolutionaries were to make up the government, however, Lenins determination to secureShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Leon Trotsky Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesreturned to Russia in May 1917. In August 1917, Trotsky joined the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party whose leader was none other than Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky assumed key roles in the events and policies concerning the Bolshevik Government, which included the Bolshevik Revolution, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Civil War and views on Russias economic policies. The Bolshevik party focused on their one aim: overthrow the Provisional Government and replace it with a dictatorshipRead MoreThe Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917-Essay Review1428 Words   |  6 Pagesshifts that the Tsarist-ruled country had ever known-the Bolshevik Revolution. There are two significant time frames associated with the Bolshevik Revolution. 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Fracking Water and Hydraulic Fracturing Free Essays

Running head: FRACKING AND THE ENVIRONMENT The Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing and the Potential for Solutions Mark Hatcher ITT Technical Institute Full of beauty and bounty, for all who seek it, the dream of that new discovery or the find of a lifetime, awaits us whose desire is to have the plan that will fulfill a destiny, if we only work together and are determined to rise above the challenges to meet the aspiration. Those who believe and are willing to reach beyond normal capacity are most of the time able to accomplish the needs of the many, which in turn help further the cause for our existence and the anticipation of things to come. In doing so, many resources have been revealed fitting and useful over the course of time to assist us in our daily needs and social settings, allowing us the ability to sustain ourselves throughout history. We will write a custom essay sample on Fracking: Water and Hydraulic Fracturing or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, as those resources grow smaller and our economy demands grow greater, we recognize the need to expand the search for other means of reconciliation to survive. In today’s economic struggle and political upheavals, we are ever so more seeking out new ways to take care of our own and retrieve new ways of self-dependence upon resources known to exist; only the means to extract are at hand. As most of us know, one of our most precious and well utilized resources to date is oil, black gold, which found far beneath the earth’s layers, in turn sent the Beverly Hillbillies to stardom. The need for oil and the byproducts that come from it are in great need and the costs are rising daily. Our requirement to ascertain this product has caused some concern and revealed the necessity to seek out new ways of locating this liquid assurance, for meeting our future demands. Although, there may be many ways of retrieving this from beneath the many depths of the earth, there has only been one way, truly effective for reaching areas untouched by normal means, which has become the center cause of debate in recent years. I will, through the use of various reports and studies bring forth analysis and discovery that highlights the use of hydraulic fracturing and the effects hat seem to shadow over this seemingly burdened tactic of extraction. Before immersing ourselves in the myriad of reports, studies, and personal accounts concerning the results of this approach, we should understand what hydraulic fracturing is and the process it takes. Understanding the process, through which this approach is considered, we will be able to seize what the issues are and the potential for ushering in an agreement to a solution. We must first recognize what shale is and what it offers. Is this the answer to our economic future and interdependence on oil? Shale is a very compacted rock with fine sediment that is found to be with a large amount of minerals and other resources. â€Å"Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks that can be rich resources of petroleum and natural gas. Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the accumulation of sediments at the Earth’s surface and within bodies of water. Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale† (ShaleTech Shale Training and Education Center, 1995). We know that there are many resources we can extract from this area and the plays will require a unique technique to draw the required material out. Plays are noted to be spread out, throughout the United States and furthermore, the other side of the great pond is known to have several locations found to be worthy of the dig. â€Å"Shale gas maps show â€Å"plays† are found throughout the Mountain West, the South and throughout the Northeast’s Appalachian Basin. The Barnett shale play in Texas, for example, is 5,000 square miles and provides 6 percent of U. S. natural gas. The Marcellus shale play that stretches across Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio and West Virginia covers ten times the square miles of the Barnett, but has only recently started to be developed† (EnergyFromShale, 2012). There is much to do, in order to gain access to much of the plays that have yet to be discovered. As we progress in the direction of needed acceptance, we must consider the reasoning behind the need for access and what implications it may bring. â€Å"The U. S. Energy and Information Administration (EIA) reports that over 750 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable shale gas and 24 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil resources in discovered shale plays exist† (EnergyFromShale, 2012). This knowledge should propel us to continue to esearch necessary ways of extracting such a rich resource. However, within the last 50 years, there has been a means of retrieving this valuable resource for our future existence and economic progress. This activity has been possible through the actions of many drilling companies by the use of hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a unique way to obtain the oil reserves by drilling in a horizontal pattern and gaining ac cess to those many billion barrels of oil and natural gas waiting to be released. First, we must completely understand what hydraulic fracturing is and what it represents to the public. â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing is the process of drilling for natural gas and oil underneath the ground. Water mixed with other  components is pumped into the ground to create cracks (also referred to as fissures or fractures) to release the gas into wells that have been built for collection† (WhatIsFracking, 2013). As the fog of understanding is slowly starting to lift, we again have to understand that there is a process, in which this occurs and will be noted in later pages, as to the affects of this procedure. Note that this has not gone on for such a period, as to not be studied and time given to organizing the pros and cons of this operation. In order to gain access to the far reaches of the plays that holds the resource, the utilization of various fluids and sand is used in the process. It is vital to comprehend the need for monitoring the steps, as they occur and the overall engagement of the wells development. Steps are established, for this must have a great deal of regulatory involvement, while the entire flood of activity occurs. Water, sand and additives are mixed at the surface and pumped at high pressures down the wellbore. The fracturing fluid flows through the perforated sections of the wellbore and into the surrounding formation, fracturing it while carrying sand or proppants into the cracks to hold them open. Experts continually monitor pressures and fluid properties during the process, and adjust operations as necessary. This process is typically completed in multiple secti ons of the wellbore, commonly referred to as stages. Typically stages are isolated using a plug to allow energy or pressure to be applied to a smaller portion of the formation to help maximize the fractures created in the target formation. The plugs are removed from the wellbore and the well’s pressure is reduced during the flowback process, leaving the sand in place to prop open the cracks and allow natural gas and oil to flow. Naturally occurring produced water, collected during the flowback process and throughout the life of the well, is properly disposed of or treated and re-used in the next hydraulic fracturing operation† (Chesapeake Energy, 2013). As the process dictates, it is very in-depth and must have an enormous amount of oversight, in order to accommodate the issues that may arise during any given point. Now that we have a clearer picture of the process, we should learn of the historical track that played out, in the early days. The first recorded effort to gain access to the plays that hold the natural gas and oil deposits was in the year 1947 by Pan American Petroleum Corp. This was noted as being a test platform, in which there was to be hydraulic fracturing compared directly with acidizing. This well, located in Grant County, Kansas, home of the Hugoton field Kelpper Well No. 1, was used as a tool for simulation productivity of oil and natural gas wells (Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012). As time progressed, it became more and more popular, as a greater amount of drilling companies began to see the possibilities and growth potential in this process. Now we find ourselves faced with several years of activity and lessons learned to cope with, from various issues that have found their way to the open public. After many years of hydraulic fracturing and the horizontal drilling effort, there have been noted disruptions by what has been occurring through the need to extract methane from the shale rock. Therefore, further analysis is necessary to investigate the potential cause of all the reports being tethered through local, state, and the federal governments. The impact of this drilling weighs heavily on the residents that are local to the drilling process. The concerns stem from the possibility of contamination that may be chiefly caused by the various fluids that are transferred through the well system, in order for the fracturing process to transpire. There is great concern that life threatening incidents may be a great risk to the area being fracked. With this issue and many others on the horizon, the Environmental Protection Agency has been very inclusive in all the debate. Through many regulatory policies and formal laws, there have been continued discussions, in regards to hydraulic fracturing. Before we discuss the major policies that have been implemented, it is necessary to bring about the detailed issues that have raised such awareness. An astronomical amount of reports had perforated the airways and given some reason for there to be fear in most of the residents’ eyes, when it could affect their very living conditions and livelihoods. â€Å"Areas of concern include perceived lack of transparency, potential chemical contamination, water availability, waste water disposal, and impacts on ecosystems, human health and surrounding areas† (University of Michigan, 2012). The potential for there to be a complete downfall of an industry that had found an answer to locating and retrieving the well needed resource was now at the forefront of controversy and having to prove its place in this progressive economy. The report would continue to show the prospects of being an enormous loss to the residents of Michigan. â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing has the potential to touch issues that virtually all Michigan residents care about: drinking water, air quality, Great Lakes health, water supply, local land use, energy security, economic growth, tourism and natural resource protection,† Hoffman said. In the end, our goal is to provide valuable insights and information to help address these important and legitimate concerns here in the Great Lakes State† (University of Michigan, 2012). The reports would not stop here, they would continue around the nation. â€Å"A U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) report found traces of methane, ethane and phenol in a monit oring well in rural Pavillion, Wyo. , where residents say fracking has contaminated their drinking water† (Colman, 2012). As noted, this was going to be a continual issue, needing mitigation and regulation by an appropriate authority. Along with this report came other stories, following the same circumstances and leading to the same conclusions. At this point there needed to be an in-depth study to completely comprehend the issues that have drawn so much limelight and bring about a report that would lead to the needed answers and come to some final conclusions. This is where the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), along with the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Department of Interior (DOI) came together in an multi-agency agreement to work toward efforts to engage this potential problem. In March 2011, the White House released a â€Å"Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future† (Blueprint) –a comprehensive plan to reduce America’s oil dependence, save consumers money, and make our country the leader in clean energy industries. The Blueprint supports the responsible development of the Nation’s oil and natural gas, with the specific goals of promoting safe practices and reduc ing energy imports. The Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of the Interior (DOL), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) each will have a critical role to play in this mission† (Majumdar, A. Hayes, D. J. , Perciasepe, B. , 2012). Marching orders were therefore given to the multi-agency force and each would take measures, as to not go into redundancy and use each other’s fields of expertise and resolve conflicts, as they arose. As the EPA will continue to work in a multi-agency capacity to continue learning answers from their in-depth study, it is important to know that they did do an earlier study in 2004 on underground sources of drinking water, as it referred to hydraulic fracturing. While the main portion of the fracturing is conducted in a particular place, many of the other sections of vertical and horizontal well sections may be set up over several thousands of feet away. â€Å"Fluids, commonly made up of water and chemical additives, are pumped into a geologic formation at high pressure during hydraulic fracturing. When the pressure exceeds the rock strength, the fluids open or enlarge fractures that can extend several hundred feet away from the well. After the fractures are created, a propping agent is pumped into the fractures to keep them from closing when the pumping pressure is released. After fracturing is completed, the internal pressure of the geologic formation cause the injected fracturing fluids to rise to the surface where it may be stored in tanks or pits prior to disposal or recycling. Recovered fracturing fluids are referred to as flowback. Disposal options for flowback include discharge into surface water or underground injection. Surface water discharges of the flowback  are regulated by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, which requires flowback  to  be  treated prior to discharge into surface water or underground injection prior to discharge. Treatment is typically performed by wastewater treatment facilities. Underground injection of flowback is regulated by either EPA Underground Injection Control (UIC) program or a state with primary UIC enforcement authority. Injection of natural gas production wastes would be considered a Class II injection well† (Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). As seen, there are restrictions in place to prevent any issues with contaminants from ground water penetration. Even with these restrictions in place, there are clear indicators that there is a more graphic understanding what is coming out, as a result of fluids being pressurized through the system. â€Å"Along with the introduced chemicals, hydrofrac water is in close contact with the rock during the course of the stimulation treatment, and when recovered may contain a variety of formation materials, including brines, heavy metals, radionuclides, and organics that can make wastewater treatment difficult and expensive. The formation brines often contain relatively high concentrations of sodium, chloride, bromide, and other inorganic constituents, such as arsenic, barium, other heavy metals, and radionuclides that significantly exceed drinking water standards† (danps, 2011). There needs to be a very serious conversation of how this is cleaned up and an answer, as to whether it is enough. There is clearly a lot of work put into the actual cleaning of the ground water, prior to the actual point, in which we, as citizens are able to partake of the needed substance for consumption. No matter how clean it is when you actually consume it, the process of getting to it is unbelievably dirty. Even the USGS acknowledges as much: â€Å"While the technology of drilling directional boreholes and the use of sophisticated hydraulic fracturing processes to extract gas resources from tight rock have improved over the past few decades, the knowledge of how this extraction might affect water resources has not k ept pace† (danps, 2011). This is only one aspect of where this all goes. So many other areas of research are in need, to better understand the process, in which the fracturing is utilized. Further research was conducted and it was through the use of several interviews and questioning of a myriad of employees from various locations, concerning the extraction of Coal Bed Methane† (CBM). EPA researched more than 200 peer-reviewed publications, interviewed approximately 50 employees from industry and state or local government agencies, and communicated with approximately 40 citizens and groups who are concerned that CBM production ffected their drinking water wells† (United States Environmental Agency, 2004). After the many reviews and interviews conducted, the EPA came to some conclusions and presented them in chapter 7 of this current report. â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing may have increased or have the potential to increase the communication between coal seams and adjacent formations in some instances. For example, in the Raton Basin, some fractur ing treatments resulted in higher than expected withdrawal rates for production water. Those increases, according to literature published by the Colorado Geologic Survey, may be due to well stimulations creating a connection between targeted coal seams and an adjacent sandstone aquifer (Hemborg, 1998). In the Powder River Basin, concerns over the creation of such a hydraulic connection are cited as one reason why hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs is not widely practiced in the region. Some studies that allow direct observation of fractures (i. . , mined-through studies) also provided evidence that fractures move through interbedded layers, sometimes taking a stair-step path way through complex fracture systems, and sometimes enter or propagate through geologic strata above the coal† (United States Environmental Agency, 2004). The EPA finished out their report with concluding comments that were found to be not as alerting than what might have been expected. Based on the information collected and reviewed, EPA has concluded that the injection of hy draulic fracturing fluids into coalbed methane wells poses little or no threat to USDWs and does not justify additional study at this time. Although potentially hazardous chemicals may be introduced into USDWs when fracturing fluids are injected into coal seams that lie within USDWs, the risk posed to USDWs by introduction of these chemicals is reduced significantly by groundwater production and injected fluid recovery, combined with the mitigating effects of dilution and dispersion, adsorption, and potentially biodegradation. Additionally, EPA has reached an agreement with the major service companies to voluntarily eliminate diesel fuel from hydraulic fracturing fluids that are injected directly into USDWs for coalbed methane production† (United States Environmental Agency, 2004). Several other reports came into sight, throughout the country concerning the use of hydraulic fracking and the potential for impacting, not only the land, but the economy for a given area, as well. Reports stemming from a community that namely has an array of vineyards for the production of wine, have thrown a red flag of concern over the entire region. This rise of apprehension over their displeasure of drilling companies simply ushering themselves in and going to work on their well, without concern for the nearby residents and their land. The mounting anxiety over this issue has occurred from the noticeable problematic reports of events that literally sprang up in the area. â€Å"This past June, a methane geyser was found in Pennsylvania’s Tioga County. Yes, a geyser — shooting methane-infused water 30 feet up in the air. Once the geyser was discovered, the county immediately turned to Shell, which was drilling in three nearby locations. Shell and the Department of Environmental Protection began investigating, and it was correctly suspected that an abandoned well from the 1930s contributed to the problem† (Figueroa, 2012). This, being an erroneous event was later found to be an old existing well from the 1030s, where the fluid from a nearby well, being hydraulically fractured, leaked over near the old well and burst up through it, creating the 30 foot geyser. There too, have been issues regarding the location of the wells near vineyards and the potential for disruption in the soil content and an economical impact, for the soil is worked to contain the right content for growing the vines for the fine wine. As well, if the land soil is tainted, there is a possibility of an economic suffering from the loss of profit if tastes change and are possibly contaminated. â€Å"Vineyard owners in California are  growing increasingly wary  of fracking as gas companies begin preliminary operations. Venoco has started exploring Monterey Shale for both oil and gas drilling. Last year, the company filed an application for drilling permits in Monterey County, according to Simon Salinas, a member of the county’s Board of Supervisors, and it already holds hundreds of thousands of acres in the formation has drilled more than 20 wells and has invested $100 million in oil exploration. With vineyards and farmlands covering 200,000 acres of Monterey that help make up an $8 billion agricultural business, Salinas told the  Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, â€Å"Anything that can taint our water and food supply could be devastating to our economy† (Figueroa, 2012). Reports even go deeper than this, where there are believed to be detrimental damage and even death to animals that are near any wells in the area. It may be a reality as more and more livestock are raised near fracking sites. Hundreds of animals have already been  affected  after coming into contact with fracking fluid. â€Å"Last year, 28 beef cattle in Pennsylvania were exposed to the fluid. Only three of the 11 calves these cattle gave birth to survived. In Louisiana a few years ago, 16 cows dropped  dead  after drinking fracking fluid† (Figueroa, 2012). These are all alarming reports and individuals that are in the area have every reason to be upset and concerned over the events taking place. The question is, does this warrant further investigation or simply better legislation to control the problem or the potential, there of? As all of this sounds incredibly scary and one may ask the whereabouts of such legislation, it is understood that all the problems that have come about, are those that have mostly to do with water and how it affects surrounding land and the owners. This, being the case is under the written regulations of the Safe Water Drinking Act (SWDA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program. The UIC program has developed certain guidelines for all involved with the use of a fluid injection process to extract the shale oil and natural gas that is so plentiful, throughout our region. The guideline begins the use of diesel fuel for the injection process, in the following statement: â€Å"EPA has developed draft Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class II permitting guidance for oil and gas hydraulic fracturing activities using diesel fuels. This document describes information useful in permitting the underground injection of oil- and gas-related hydraulic fracturing using diesel fuels where EPA is the permitting authority. EPA’s goal is to improve compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requirements and strengthen environmental protections consistent with existing law† (United States Environmental Agency, 2012). There is further guidance, in regards to the injection of possible contaminants that may affect ground water supplies, as dictated by the process from hydraulic fracturing. Through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), which is authorized by the Clean Water Act, the following claim states, â€Å"industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters† (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). Until further guidance comes out of the primary study, presently occurring, there seems to be a number of statutes in place to maintain a great deal of oversight and must be used to maintain what has continued to draw an enormous amount of controversy and surely will continue throughout the course of the process. The new study is to take a look at the vastness of what water goes through, during the hydraulic fracturing process. This being the call from congress, for the EPA to utilize its resources to read deep into the full cycle, in which the water passes, as it is used in the extraction of oil and natural gas from the shale plays. â€Å"At the request of Congress, EPA is conducting a study to better understand any potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water and ground water. The scope of the research includes the full lifespan of water in hydraulic fracturing, in regards to five primary points; the plan to study the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources, an approach to the science, quality assurance ; integrity, a peer review, and the transparency of the practice† (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). The complete final report will not be made available until 2014, where it will be made public for review and comment. Before this final report makes its way to the public, the EPA has issued an official progress report and has detailed the path that the study will go, as far as, how it will attain complete understanding of the process that water takes through the lifespan of hydraulic fracturing. The EPA is using computer model to match the conditions, in which the water travels through hydraulic fracturing. It will be identified through hypothetical and realistic scenarios, by which water acquisition, well injection, and wastewater treatment and waste disposal stages of the water cycle are identified and given fair study and representation. All of this is being addressed as it relates to the Upper Colorado River Basin in the west and the Susquehanna River Basin in the east (US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Washington, DC, 2012). While it has been thoroughly discussed, as to the potential causes of awareness and a reason for alert, it is paramount that we discuss the hopeful answer to the issues that have been raised. There may be a possible olution, regarding the practice of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling; it may simply be an overall acceptance, until regulations can be the agreeable key to a solid outcome of this environmental squeeze on reality. Before we get to a proposed solution to the mind raking issues that have plagued this storyline, there is a cost to all of this and a place to put the responsibility on the shoulders of the bearers to this environmental struggle for clarity. With fracking, being a well spread operation and bringing with it a toll of polluted areas, such as water, air, and torn up land across the nation, we are faced with the need to not only find resolution to this growing land grievance, but we need to recognize that there must be a means of restoration to the areas effected and the costs associated, dealt with during the process. Let it be known there is a high price tag in pursuing a cleanup and hopeful reversal of the damage done by the fracturing. Methane contamination of well water poses a risk of explosion and is often addressed by removing it from water at the point of use. In Dimock, Pennsylvania, Cabot Oil ; Gas reported having spent $109,000 on methane removal systems for 14 local households in the wake of drilling-related ethane contamination of local groundwater supplies. In addition, the company spent $10,000 on new or extended vent stacks to prevent the build-up of methane gas in 17 residents’ homes. Such measures do not remove methane from groundwater supplies, but merely eliminate the immediate threat to residents’ homes† (Tony Dutzik and Elizabeth Ridlington, Frontier Group John Rumpler, Environment America Research ; Policy Center, 2012). However, water is not the only issue that is under the gun, there is also the effect that each fracking site has on the air surrounding it. The air we breathe highly contributes to the health of all those associated with residency in the area of drilling. A 2004 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) document, referring to the work of a Federal roundtable on environmental cleanup technologies, estimated the cost of air sparging at $150,000 to $350,000 per acre. Adjusting for inflation, and assuming that the extent of the seep was correctly estimated by Encana at 1. 3 acres, one could estimate the cost of the sparging operation in 2012 dollars at $248,000 to $579,000. In addition, as of May 2012, Encana and its contractors had col lected more than 1,300 water samples since the seep began. Again, the cost of this sampling and testing is unknown, but could e conservatively estimated to be in the tens of thousands of dollars. Cabot Oil ; Gas, for example, incurred $700,000 in water testing expenses in the wake of concerns about groundwater contamination from a fracking well in Dimock, Pennsylvania† (Tony Dutzik and Elizabeth Ridlington, Frontier Group John Rumpler, Environment America Research ; Policy Center, 2012). In order for the companies out there that are working toward reducing the amount of pollution coming from fracking, they are looking at a high rate of dollars to keep it at a minimum. The clearance of forest land in Pennsylvania for fracking is projected to lead to increased delivery of nutrient pollution to the Chesapeake Bay, which already suffers from a vast nutrient-generated dead zone. The cost of reducing the same amount of pollution as could be generated by fracking would be approximate ly $1. 5 million to $4 million per year† (PennEnvironment Research ; Policy Center, 2012). It is important, not only to understand what it takes to cleanup at an actual location, but the cost incurred through repairing the lanes to the site, because of the variety equipment and how it damages the roadways. The truck traffic needed to deliver water to a single fracking well causes as much damage to local roads as nearly 3. 5 million car trips. The state of Texas has approved $40 million in funding for road repairs in the Barnett Shale region, while Pennsylvania estimated in 2010 that $265 million would be needed to repair damaged roads in the Marcellus Shale region† (PennEnvironment Research ; Policy Center, 2012). Infrastructure is important to have an ability to get to the site and out of the site safely, however there is a cost, when it comes to the other friends of our environment. Fracking has several negative impacts on farms, including the loss of livestock due to exposure to spills of fracking wastewater, increased difficulty in obtaining water supplies for farming, and potential conflicts with organic agriculture. In Pennsylvania, the five counties with the heaviest Marcellus Shale drilling activity saw an 18. 5 percent reduction in milk production between 2007 and 2010† (PennEnvironment Research ; Policy Center, 2012). This, being only one part of the issue, we also must consider the other end of the animal kingdom, our wildlife in the wilderness. Gas operations in Wyoming have fragmented key habitat for mule deer and pronghorn, which are important draws for the state’s $340 million hunting and wildlife watching industries. The mule deer population in one area undergoing extensive gas extraction dropped by 56 percent between 2001 and 2010† (PennEnvironment Research ; Policy Center, 2012). In this great land of ours, we are living in a generation that now must deal with a new healthcare system and be able to still afford the normal living expenses that come our way. With healthcare cost rising and now the fight for the issues that have been rising over the industrialization of our resource gathering techniques, we are at the foothills and must climb up and rise above the extraneous costs that come from this means of extraction. â€Å"Drinking water contamination:   In Dimock, Pennsylvania, permanently replacing residents’ contaminated drinking water with a new source was estimated at more than $11 million and health costs from air pollution:   in Arkansas’ Fayetteville Shale region, air pollution from fracking operations impose health costs estimated at $9. million in one year. In Texas’ Barnett Shale region, those costs reach $270,000 per day during the summer smog season† (Environment America, 2012). This now seems, as though it is not going anywhere anytime soon, so where is a possible solution to this environmental peril we find ourselves in? Is there an answer? Or are we destined to sit and wait for an answer that may never come. Now, we find ourselves staring at a withering wilderness without any better days likely to come over this industrialized beat down. Now that there is a more comprehensive understanding of what fracking is all about and the impact it has on the environment directly and indirectly, through the social health issues, we must be able to curtail what is being identified as hazardous and stop it in its tracks. In order for this to occur, shouldn’t there be a means of determining the location of where the fracking fluid is mostly traveling, so we can diffuse the situation and potentially protect the surrounding regions from contamination and the spread of this devastating spiral of events. Having a way to track where the fluid travels is one of the possible solutions to keeping the public safe from the probability of causing more harm among our citizens. â€Å"Currently, there is little courts can do to determine the truth of claims that fracking contaminates waterways. One popular suggestion, proposed by many stakeholders and creative scientists, is to include some type of tracer device, such as a color or a chemical, to follow fracking fluids through the environment. This solution wouldn’t track the leaching of natural gas through old mines or fissures, but it would help companies, overseers, and policy-makers understand how chemicals flow deep underground, especially when multiple companies are drilling in one area. Such tracers would hold companies accountable to the environment, to landowners, and to stakeholders† (Lamers, 2012). The question is, would this continue to add to the already polluted scene, or would it meet a solution to have a better understanding, as to the route this fluid seems to take to contaminate our groundwater systems? We also may have an opportunity to set stricter laws, as to the actual location of these wells, in relation to it being positioned within residential areas. â€Å"Policies and recommendations vary widely about how close shale gas sites should be to lakes, rivers, ponds, houses, wetlands and protected areas. As many counties and states begin to lease or sell land, drill sites are beginning to cross into state or county parks and pass into or through rivers and streams† (Lamers, 2012). Having the ability to force drilling companies to be at a particular range from any residential or other protected area would be a promising solution to creating safer barriers for the general population and individual wildlife areas to be safe from the untidiness of a fracking site. While we look for the government to come up with more legalistic approaches to this devastating thorn under the environments skin, maybe the answer is more profound and can be drawn from unique sources, rather than a traditional loom. â€Å"Most of the water used to free the gas and oil is trapped underground. But a new option is to swap water for propane gas, which is then recaptured as it escapes from the earth. Canadian company GasFrac Energy Services is already employing propane instead of water. A single fracking job can use between two million and six million gallons of water while most of that water remains underground, the fluid that does return to the surface has to be disposed of as contaminated wastewater† (Stone, 2011). Another approach is found to be one of the greenest found, to date. Not only is the amount of water being reduced, but the solution involves utilizing a biodegradable source to accomplish a safe means of eusing this product. â€Å"Houston-based oil field supplier Flotek Industries has found another solution that replaces traditional chemicals with extract from orange peels, turning the conventional mixture of water and toxins into a biodegradable blend† (Stone, 2011). This idea opens up a whole new scheme in the desire to continue our search for sel f sustainment and future drilling opportunities. However, it is not the only solution to hit the community, as there has been something stirred up in the Halliburton camp with the utilization of solar panels and electricity making its way to the oil fields. Halliburton calls its two-year-old solar-powered invention the SandCastle. It has rolled out dozens of SandCastles in the U. S. By replacing diesel engines to move sand from the trailers, Halliburton estimates the devices have saved 950,000 gallons of diesel and reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 20 million pounds in the first nine months of 2012. Halliburton and the other three largest oil-field service providers spent $2. 04 billion on research and development in 2011, up 32 percent from two years earlier. Some of that went to finding ways to make fracking more eco-friendly. Other green-leaning players include Chesapeake Energy (CHK) and General Electric (GE), as well as oil-patch interlopers such as Verenium (VRNM), a biotech concern, and Ecologix Environmental Systems, which makes wastewater-treatment systems† (Wethe, 2012). What does all of this mean? It simply means that drilling companies are seeing the need to make changes to the way they conduct business, so as it does not interfere with our environment anymore. It means that we can no longer stand by, as residents of this great land of ours and simply be good with how they conduct their business. It means that, we the people of this beautiful landscape we call planet earth, have a voice and will be heard. It means, as long as we celebrate our land together as citizens, we have the aptitude to develop the means necessary, to guide the direction, in which we will continue to move forward. As mentioned at the beginning of this paper, we will continue to dream of that new discovery, launching us into a new direction. We are a people of continuous change and workmanship; we will find a way forward. We’re a people that will come together and meet the need of our mother earth. References Chesapeake Energy. 2013). Hydraulic fracturing facts. Retrieved from http://www. hydraulicfracturing. com/Process/Pages/information. aspx danps, (2011, April 30). The high cost of fracking – and the movement against it. Retrieved from http://my. firedoglake. com/danps/2011/04/30/the-high-cost-of- fracking-and-the-movement-against-it/ EnergyFromShale, (2012, ). Shale gas economics: Extr acting from domestic oil reserves. Retrieved from http://www. energyfromshale. org/hydraulic- fracturing/shale-gas Environment America, (2012, September 20). The costs of fracking—the true price tag of dirty energy. Retrieved from http://ecowatch. rg/2012/costs-of-fracking/ Lamers, V. (2012, September 17). Solutions from the gas fields. Retrieved from http://sagemagazine. org/solutions-from-the-gas-fields/ Majumdar, A. , Hayes, D. J. , Perciasepe, B. , (2012, April 13). Memorandum. Retrieved from http://epa. gov/hydraulicfracture/oil_and_gas_research_mou. pdf PennEnvironment Research ; Policy Center, (2012, September 20). The costs of fracking. Retrieved from http://northcentralpa. com/feeditem/2012-09-20_costs- fracking ShaleTech Shale Training and Education Center, (1995, ). What is shale gas and why is it important?. Retrieved from http://www. shaletec. rg/whatis. htm Society of Petroleum Engineers, (2012, November 29). Hydraulic fracturing. Retrieved from http://petrowiki . org/Hydraulic_fracturing Stone, J. (2011, August 19). Green solutions to fracking debate. Retrieved from http://www. propane. pro/alternative-fuel/green-solutions-fracking-debate-0819/ Tony Dutzik and Elizabeth Ridlington, Frontier Group John Rumpler, Environment America Research ; Policy Center, (2012, Fall ). The costs of fracking the price tag of dirty drilling’s environmental damage. Retrieved from http://www. environmentamerica. org/sites/environment/files/reports/The Costs of Fracking vUS. pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2009, March 12). National pollutant discharge elimination system (npdes) overview. Retrieved from http://cfpub. epa. gov/npdes/ United States Environmental Agency. (2004, June ). Evaluation of impacts to underground sources of drinking water by hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs . Retrieved from http://www. epa. gov/ogwdw/uic/pdfs/cbmstudy_attach_uic_ch02_methodology. pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012, May 9). Hydraulic fracturing background information. Retrieved from http://water. epa. gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulic fracturing/wells_hydrowhat. fm United States Environmental Agency, (2012, September 6). Hydraulic fracturing under the safe drinking water act. Retrieved from http://water. epa. gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/hydraulic- fracturing. cfm United States Environmental Protection Agency, (2012, February 14). Study of the potential impacts of hydraulic fractur ing on drinking water resources: Progress report. Retrieved from http://epa. gov/hfstudy/ US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Washington, DC, (2012, December ). Study of the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources progress report. Retrieved from http://epa. gov/hfstudy/pdfs/hf-report20121214. pdf University of Michigan. (2012, November 29). Fracking: Researchers study potential impact on health, environment, economy. Retrieved from http://www. labspaces. net/125572/Fracking__Researchers_study_potential_impa ct_on_health__environment__economy Wethe, D. (2012, November 29). For fracking, it’s getting easier being green. Retrieved from http://www. businessweek. com/articles/2012-11-29/for-fracking-its-getting- easier-being-green WhatIsFracking, (2013, ). What is hydraulic fracturing?. Retrieved from http://www. what- is-fracking. com/what-is-hydraulic-fracturing/ How to cite Fracking: Water and Hydraulic Fracturing, Essay examples

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Airborne Internet is a concept that overlays computer network theory and principles into the transportation realm. The goal is to create information connectivity by providing a general purpose, multi-application data channel for people in transit. It is an approach to provide a general purpose high speed digital network to aviation. In doing so it has the potential to provide significant cost savings for aircrafts operators and the FAA, as it allows the consolidation of many functions into a common data channel. Numerous applications can use the same data channel. It gets its name from the fact that it works like the real internet. AirborneInternetbeganasasupportingtechnologyfor NASA’s Small Aircrafts Transportation System. But there is no reason that A. I should be limited to SATS-class aircraft. All of aviation, and even transportation, has the potential to benefit from A. I. Airborne Internet provide a general purpose data channel that numerous applications can use. We will write a custom essay sample on Airborne Internet Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By combining application and data functionality over a common data channel, aviation has the potential to significantly reduce costs for equipage on the ground and in the aircraft. The demand for Internet services is exploding and this creates a strong demand for broadband, high data rate service. It is expected that there will soon be a worldwide demand for Internet service in the hundreds of millions. The growth in use of the World Wide Web and electronic commerce will stimulate demand for broadband services.